NGOẠI GIAO TRAO ĐỔI GIÁO DỤC CỦA TRUNG QUỐC VỚI KHU VỰC CHÂU Á - THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG TRONG SO SÁNH VỚI HOA KỲ VÀ MỘT SỐ HÀM Ý ĐỐI VỚI TRUNG QUỐC
Nội dung chính của bài viết
Tóm tắt
Trao đổi giáo dục ngày càng được xem là một công cụ không thể thiếu trong chính sách ngoại giao của Trung Quốc và Hoa Kỳ đối với khu vực châu Á - Thái Bình Dương. Tính hợp pháp và mềm dẻo đã lý giải vị thế của công cụ ngoại giao này, mặc dù công cụ có tác động trong dài hạn và khó để định rõ. Để giành được cả “trái tim và khối óc” của người dân trong khu vực, Trung Quốc và Hoa Kỳ đã triển khai công cụ ngoại giao nhân dân này nhưng theo những cách thức khác nhau. Từ góc độ so sánh, bài báo sẽ thảo luận vai trò của trao đổi giáo dục trong chiến lược quốc gia và thực tiễn áp dụng ngoại giao trao đổi của Trung Quốc và Hoa Kỳ tại khu vực châu Á - Thái Bình Dương. Bài báo khẳng định rằng trao đổi giáo dục có vị trí quan trọng trong chính sách đối ngoại của hai cường quốc nhằm mục đích cải thiện và củng cố hình ảnh trong khu vực. Trong khi Hoa Kỳ bỏ qua những khác biệt giữa các khu vực, Trung Quốc đã có những sáng kiến, thay đổi phù hợp giúp ngoại giao trao đổi của quốc gia này có khả năng thích ứng với khu vực. Tuy nhiên, điều đó không có nghĩa là Trung Quốc đạt được hiệu quả trong ngoại giao trao đổi hơn Hoa Kỳ. Từ việc thảo luận về chính sách và thực tiễn của ngoại giao trao đổi của hai quốc gia, tác giả sẽ đưa ra một số gợi ý nhằm cải thiện hiệu quả của ngoại giao trao đổi Trung Quốc.
Chi tiết bài viết
Từ khóa
ngoại giao trao đổi , Châu Á - Thái Bình Dương , Trung Quốc và Hoa Kỳ
Tài liệu tham khảo
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d’Hooghe, I. (2005). Public diplomacy in the People’s Republic of China. In J. Melissen (Ed.) The New public diplomacy: Soft Power in international relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
Dong, L., & Chapman, D. W. (2008). The Chinese Government Scholarship Program: An effective form of foreign assistance? International Review of Education, 54(2), 155-173.
Freedom House. (n.d.). https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores
Fulbright, W. J. (1987). Preface. The annals of the American academy of political and social science, 491, 10.
Gallup. (2019). China. https://news.gallup.com/poll/1627/china.aspx
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https://monitor.icef.com/2016/12/china-moving-expand-student-recruitment-southeast-asia/
Kennedy, K. (2018). China boosts international student budget by 16% as student target nears. The PIE News.
https://thepienews.com/news/china-boosts-international-student-budget-by-16-as-student-target-nears/
Latief, R., & Lefen, L. (2018). Analysis of Chinese government scholarship for international students using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), Sustainability, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072112
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Li, M. (2015). China’s “One Belt, One Road” Initiative: New Round of Opening Up? S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies Bulletin. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CMS_Bulletin0015.pdf
McCLory, J., Brown, A., Brown, K., Chehadé, F., Crabtree, J., Duncombe, C., Kausikan, B., Koh, L., Matthews, K., Nye, J., Pamment, J., Sugumaran, S., & Wang, J. (2019). The Soft Power 30: A Global ranking of soft power 2019. Portland and USC Center on Public Diplomacy.
McGiffert, C., Alterman, J., Bliss, K., Chow, E., Cooke, J., Flanagan, S., Glaser, B., Harding, B., Kaplan, J., Kuchins, A., Levy, R., Forman, J., Mitchell, D., Moreira, S., Murphy, M., Smith, J., & Zheng, D. (2009). Chinese soft power and its implications for the United States: competition and cooperation in the developing world. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Metzgar, E. (2017). Willing interpreters and receivers: American alumni of the Japan exchange and teaching (JET) program. Palgrave communications,3. https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2017.13
Myungsik, H., & Elaine, T. (2018). Socialisation of China’s soft power: Building friendship through potential leaders. China: An International Journal, 16(1), 45-68.
Daur, N . (2019). China will now give 20,000 scholarships to Pakistani students each year.
https://nayadaur.tv/2019/02/china-will-now-give-20000-scholarships-to-pakistani-students-each-year/
Nguyen, V. C. (2014). Confucius Institutes in the Mekong Region: China’s soft power or Soft border? Issues & Studies, 50(4), 85-117.
Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The means to success in world politics. Perseus Books Group.
Nye, J. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The annals of the American academy of political and social science, 616, 94-109.
Pew Research Center. (2019). China’s economic growth mostly welcomed in emerging markets, but neighbors wary of its influence. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/chinas-economic-growth-mostly-welcomed-in-emerging-markets-but-neighbors-wary-of-its-influence/
Ray, J. (2019). Image of U.S. Leadership Now Poorer Than China’s. https://news.gallup.com/poll/247037/image-leadership-poorer-china.aspx
Roach, E. (2018). Confucius Institutes and U.S. Exchange Programs: Public Diplomacy Through Education.
https://wenr.wes.org/2018/04/confucius-institutes-and-u-s-exchange-programs-public-diplomacy-through-education
Scott-Smith, G. (2009). Exchange programs and public diplomacy. In N.Snow and P. M. Taylor (Eds), Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. Routledge.
Shambaugh, D. (2015). China’s soft-power push: The Search for respect. Foreign affairs, 94(4), 99-107.
Snow, N. (2009). Valuing Exchange of Persons in Public Diplomacy. In N.Snow and P. M. Taylor (Eds), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. Routledge.
Statista Research Department. (2020). Number of foreign students sutdy in China 2018.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/430717/china-foreign-students-by-country-of-origin/
Tang, S. M., Hoang, T.H., Qian, A.S., Ong, G., & Pham, T.P.T. (2020). The State of Southeast Asia: 2020 Survey report. The ASEAN Studies Centre, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
The Express Tribune. (2018). Over 1,000 Pakistani students enrolled in Chinese universities on scholarship this year. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1818424/1-1000-pakistani-students-enrolled-chinese-universities-scholarship-year/
The Jakarta Post. (2016). China seeks more students from Southeast Asian countries. https://www.thejakartapost.com/youth/2016/10/25/china-seeks-more-students-from-southeast-asian-countries.html
The White House. (2015). Fact Sheet: Advancing the Rebalance to Asia and the Pacific.
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/11/16/fact-sheet-advancing-rebalance-asia-and-pacific
UCLA Confucius Institute. (n.d.). Confucius insitute worldwide. https://www.confucius.ucla.edu/about-us/confucius-institutes-worldwide
UNESCO and UNESCO Bangkok. (2013). The International mobility of students in Asia and the Pacific.
U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (ACPD). (2014). 2014 Comprehensive annual report on public diplomacy and international broadcasting.
U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (ACPD). (2017). 2017 Comprehensive annual report on public diplomacy and international broadcasting.
U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (ACPD). (2019). 2019 Comprehensive annual report on public diplomacy and international broadcasting.
U.S. Congress. (1948). The U.S. information and education exchange act of 1948.
U.S. Congress. (1961). The mutual education and cultural exchange act of 1961.
U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (ACPD). (2019). Comprehensive annual report on public diplomacy and international broadcasting.
U.S. Department of Defense. (2019). Indo-Pacific strategy report: Preparedness, partnerships, and promoting a networked region.
U.S. Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) (n.d.). History and mission of ECA. https://eca.state.gov/about-bureau/history-and-mission-eca
U.S. Mission to ASEAN (n.d.). Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative. https://asean.usmission.gov/yseali/yseali-about/
World Bank. (2019). GDP per capita (US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD