SỰ PHỐI HỢP GIỮA “I” VÀ “WE”: QUYỀN LỰC HAY SỰ GẮN KẾT?
Nội dung chính của bài viết
Tóm tắt
Nghiên cứu này nhằm khám phá sự phối hợp giữa hai đại từ nhân xưng “I” và “we” trong hai bài diễn văn nhậm chức của Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ Joe Biden (2021) và Donald Trump (2025) để xác định xem sự kết hợp của chúng có thể biểu đạt những mục đích giao tiếp cụ thể của người nói hay không. Trong khi nhiều nghiên cứu trước đây tập trung phân tích chức năng của từng đại từ nhân xưng, khoảng trống vẫn tồn tại ở việc xem xét mối quan hệ qua lại giữa chúng trong diễn ngôn chính trị. Dựa trên khung phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán (CDA) của Fairclough, nghiên cứu lựa chọn đường hướng định tính với sự hỗ trợ của phương pháp định lượng. Kết quả cho thấy mặc dù cả hai tổng thống có sự sắp đặt vị trí giữa hai đại từ này tương đối giống nhau, ý đồ giao tiếp được tạo ra lại hoàn toàn khác biệt. Joe Biden dùng sự kết hợp “I-we” để xây dựng hình ảnh một tổng thống đề cao gắn kết và chia sẻ, trong khi Donald Trump sử dụng nó để khẳng định sức mạnh và quyền uy. Các phát hiện cho thấy những yếu tố ngôn ngữ tưởng chừng chỉ mang tính ngữ pháp thuần túy vẫn có thể thể hiện những ý đồ giao tiếp tinh tế.
Từ khóa
sự phối hợp, Donald Trump, “I”, “we”, Joe Biden
Chi tiết bài viết
Tài liệu tham khảo
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Ali Akbari Hamed, L., & Behnam, B. (2020). Linguistic Devices of Identity Representation in English Political Discourse with a Focus on Personal Pronouns: Power and Solidarity. Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, 13(26), 205–229. https://sanad.iau.ir/fa/Journal/jal/Article/961612
Al-Khawaldeh, N. N., Rababah, L. M., Khawaldeh, A. F., & Banikalef, A. A. (2023). The art of rhetoric: persuasive strategies in Biden’s inauguration speech: a critical discourse analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1–8. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-023-02450-y
Almahasees, Z., & Mahmoud, S. (2022). Persuasive Strategies utilized in the Political Speeches of King Abdullah II: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2082016
Biden, J. R. (2021). Inaugural address by President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. The White House. https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/01/20/inaugural-address-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr/
Bramley, N. R. (2001). Pronouns of politics: the use of pronouns in the construction of “self” and “other” in political interviews. [Doctoral dissertation, Australian National University]. Australian National University Open Research repository. https://doi.org/10.25911/5d7a2a869749a
Brown, R. & Gilman, A. (1960). The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity. In J. A. Fishman (Ed.), Readings in the Sociology of Language (pp. 252-275). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110805376.252
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com.vn/books/about/Politeness.html?id=OG7W8yA2XjcC&redir_esc=y
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Interplay. In Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/interplay
Chilton, P. (2004). Analysing political discourse: Theory and practice. Routledge. https://books.google.com.vn/books/about/Analysing_Political_Discourse.html?id=sAJ_AgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
De Fina, A. (1995). Pronominal choice, identity, and solidarity in political discourse. Text & Talk, 15(3), 379–410. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1995.15.3.379
Derki, N. (2022). A Critical Analysis of Persuasive Strategies Used in Political Discourse: A Case Study of Donald Trump and Joe Biden. International Journal of English language, education and literature studies, 1(1), 44–54. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Noureddine-Derki-2/publication/359879431_A_Critical_Analysis_of_Persuasive_Strategies_Used_in_Political_Discourse_A_Case_Study_of_Donald_Trump_and_Joe_Biden/links/62549959ef013420666a7480/A-Critical-Analysis-of-Persuasive-Strategies-Used-in-Political-Discourse-A-Case-Study-of-Donald-Trump-and-Joe-Biden.pdf
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Routledge. https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=xK5hAAAAMAAJ&hl=vi&source=gbs_book_other_versions
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/abs/norman-fairclough-discourse-and-social-change-cambridge-polity-1992-pp-vii-259/F603F3842426EFF10228310B55BA12D8
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman. https://fr.scribd.com/document/248416437/Fairclough-1995-Critical-Discourse-Analysis
Fairclough, N. (2001). Critical discourse analysis as a method in social scientific research. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 121–138). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020.n6
Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical Discourse Analysis: The critical study of language (2nd edition). Routledge. https://books.google.com.vn/books?hl=vi&lr=&id=3djbAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=Fairclough,+N.+(2010).+Critical+Discourse+Analysis:+The+critical+study+of+language.+Longman.+&ots=ITeVZ4lii7&sig=EkfeKzXmEufuL1m7OvY2QvNO9Wk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Fajar, M. (2019). Power and Solidarity Reflected in the Use of Pronouns Portrayed in Hybrid Political Discourse. Journal of English Education, Linguistics and Literature, English Department of STKIP PGRI Jombang, 5(2), 57–72.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333474798_POWER_AND_SOLIDARITY_REFLECTED_IN_THE_USE_OF_PRONOUNS_PORTRAYED_IN_HYBRID_POLITICAL_DISCOURSE
Karapetjana, I. (2011). Pronominal choice in political interviews. Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture, 1, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.22364/BJELLC.01.2011.05
Kazazi, L. (2025). The politics of person deixis: Rhetorical functions of pronouns in pandemic-era speeches. Analele Universității Ovidius din Constanța. Seria Filologie, 36(1), 194–207. https://litere.univ-ovidius.ro/Anale/2025_volumul_1/sectiunea2/13.%20Ledia%20Kazazi.pdf
Krawrungruang, K., & Yaoharee, O. (2018). The Use of Personal Pronoun in Political Discourse: A Case Study of the Final 2016 United States Presidential Election Debate. Reflections, 25(1), 85–96. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/reflections/article/view/136268/101678
Lodhi, M. A., Mansoor, R., Shahzad, W., Robab, I., & Zafar, Z. (2018). Comparative study of linguistic features used in the inaugural speeches of American presidents. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(6), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n6p265
Maitland, K., & Wilson, J. (1987). Pronominal selection and ideological conflict. Journal of pragmatics, 11(4), 495–512. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0378216687900920?via%3Dihub
McHale, L. (2022). The politics of pronouns. In Neuroscience for organizational communication: A guide for communicators and leaders. Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/politics-pronouns
Nguyen, H. (2021). Strategies for representing social actors: A case study. VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 37(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4777
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. (n.d.). Interplay. In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Retrieved on December 30, 2025 from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/interplay?q=interplay
Pennycook, A. (1994). The politics of pronouns. ELT Journal, 48(2), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/48.2.173
Pham, H. T. & Ngo, H. H. (2023). I we you in 2 political speeches by President Ho Chi Minh and President George Washington. In 2023 International Graduate Research Symposium (pp. 342–356). Vietnam National University Press, Hanoi.
Pham, T. M. P. (2017). A system functional perspective on the use of rhetorical devices in Hillary Clinton’s speeches. VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 33(3), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4156
Samuels, B. (2025, July 13). Butler assassination attempt proved to be turning point for Trump. The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5397486-trump-one-year-after-assassination/
Trump, D. J. (2017, January 21). Inaugural address [Speech transcript]. CNN. Retrieved on November 2, 2025 from https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/20/politics/trump-inaugural-address/index.html
Trump, D. J. (2025, January 20). Second inaugural address. White House Archives. Retrieved on November 2, 2025 from https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/01/the-inaugural-address/
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006
Van Dijk, T. A. (2015). Critical discourse analysis. In D. Tannen, H. E. Hamilton & D. Schiffrin (Eds.), The Handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 466–485). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584194.ch22
Wilk, P., & Molek-Kozakowska, K. (2024). Constructing solidarity in discourse: A pragma-linguistic analysis of selected speeches by President Zelensky addressed to the international community. East European Review/Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski, 15(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.10870
Wilson, J. (1990). Politically speaking: The pragmatic analysis of political language. Blackwell. https://books.google.com.vn/books/about/Politically_Speaking.html?id=r115QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Wodak, R. (2001). The discourse-historical approach. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 63–94). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020.n4
Ali Akbari Hamed, L., & Behnam, B. (2020). Linguistic Devices of Identity Representation in English Political Discourse with a Focus on Personal Pronouns: Power and Solidarity. Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, 13(26), 205–229. https://sanad.iau.ir/fa/Journal/jal/Article/961612
Al-Khawaldeh, N. N., Rababah, L. M., Khawaldeh, A. F., & Banikalef, A. A. (2023). The art of rhetoric: persuasive strategies in Biden’s inauguration speech: a critical discourse analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1–8. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-023-02450-y
Almahasees, Z., & Mahmoud, S. (2022). Persuasive Strategies utilized in the Political Speeches of King Abdullah II: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2082016
Biden, J. R. (2021). Inaugural address by President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. The White House. https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/01/20/inaugural-address-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr/
Bramley, N. R. (2001). Pronouns of politics: the use of pronouns in the construction of “self” and “other” in political interviews. [Doctoral dissertation, Australian National University]. Australian National University Open Research repository. https://doi.org/10.25911/5d7a2a869749a
Brown, R. & Gilman, A. (1960). The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity. In J. A. Fishman (Ed.), Readings in the Sociology of Language (pp. 252-275). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110805376.252
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com.vn/books/about/Politeness.html?id=OG7W8yA2XjcC&redir_esc=y
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Interplay. In Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/interplay
Chilton, P. (2004). Analysing political discourse: Theory and practice. Routledge. https://books.google.com.vn/books/about/Analysing_Political_Discourse.html?id=sAJ_AgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
De Fina, A. (1995). Pronominal choice, identity, and solidarity in political discourse. Text & Talk, 15(3), 379–410. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1995.15.3.379
Derki, N. (2022). A Critical Analysis of Persuasive Strategies Used in Political Discourse: A Case Study of Donald Trump and Joe Biden. International Journal of English language, education and literature studies, 1(1), 44–54. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Noureddine-Derki-2/publication/359879431_A_Critical_Analysis_of_Persuasive_Strategies_Used_in_Political_Discourse_A_Case_Study_of_Donald_Trump_and_Joe_Biden/links/62549959ef013420666a7480/A-Critical-Analysis-of-Persuasive-Strategies-Used-in-Political-Discourse-A-Case-Study-of-Donald-Trump-and-Joe-Biden.pdf
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Routledge. https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=xK5hAAAAMAAJ&hl=vi&source=gbs_book_other_versions
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/abs/norman-fairclough-discourse-and-social-change-cambridge-polity-1992-pp-vii-259/F603F3842426EFF10228310B55BA12D8
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman. https://fr.scribd.com/document/248416437/Fairclough-1995-Critical-Discourse-Analysis
Fairclough, N. (2001). Critical discourse analysis as a method in social scientific research. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 121–138). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020.n6
Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical Discourse Analysis: The critical study of language (2nd edition). Routledge. https://books.google.com.vn/books?hl=vi&lr=&id=3djbAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=Fairclough,+N.+(2010).+Critical+Discourse+Analysis:+The+critical+study+of+language.+Longman.+&ots=ITeVZ4lii7&sig=EkfeKzXmEufuL1m7OvY2QvNO9Wk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Fajar, M. (2019). Power and Solidarity Reflected in the Use of Pronouns Portrayed in Hybrid Political Discourse. Journal of English Education, Linguistics and Literature, English Department of STKIP PGRI Jombang, 5(2), 57–72.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333474798_POWER_AND_SOLIDARITY_REFLECTED_IN_THE_USE_OF_PRONOUNS_PORTRAYED_IN_HYBRID_POLITICAL_DISCOURSE
Karapetjana, I. (2011). Pronominal choice in political interviews. Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture, 1, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.22364/BJELLC.01.2011.05
Kazazi, L. (2025). The politics of person deixis: Rhetorical functions of pronouns in pandemic-era speeches. Analele Universității Ovidius din Constanța. Seria Filologie, 36(1), 194–207. https://litere.univ-ovidius.ro/Anale/2025_volumul_1/sectiunea2/13.%20Ledia%20Kazazi.pdf
Krawrungruang, K., & Yaoharee, O. (2018). The Use of Personal Pronoun in Political Discourse: A Case Study of the Final 2016 United States Presidential Election Debate. Reflections, 25(1), 85–96. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/reflections/article/view/136268/101678
Lodhi, M. A., Mansoor, R., Shahzad, W., Robab, I., & Zafar, Z. (2018). Comparative study of linguistic features used in the inaugural speeches of American presidents. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(6), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n6p265
Maitland, K., & Wilson, J. (1987). Pronominal selection and ideological conflict. Journal of pragmatics, 11(4), 495–512. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0378216687900920?via%3Dihub
McHale, L. (2022). The politics of pronouns. In Neuroscience for organizational communication: A guide for communicators and leaders. Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/politics-pronouns
Nguyen, H. (2021). Strategies for representing social actors: A case study. VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 37(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4777
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. (n.d.). Interplay. In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Retrieved on December 30, 2025 from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/interplay?q=interplay
Pennycook, A. (1994). The politics of pronouns. ELT Journal, 48(2), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/48.2.173
Pham, H. T. & Ngo, H. H. (2023). I we you in 2 political speeches by President Ho Chi Minh and President George Washington. In 2023 International Graduate Research Symposium (pp. 342–356). Vietnam National University Press, Hanoi.
Pham, T. M. P. (2017). A system functional perspective on the use of rhetorical devices in Hillary Clinton’s speeches. VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 33(3), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4156
Samuels, B. (2025, July 13). Butler assassination attempt proved to be turning point for Trump. The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5397486-trump-one-year-after-assassination/
Trump, D. J. (2017, January 21). Inaugural address [Speech transcript]. CNN. Retrieved on November 2, 2025 from https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/20/politics/trump-inaugural-address/index.html
Trump, D. J. (2025, January 20). Second inaugural address. White House Archives. Retrieved on November 2, 2025 from https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/01/the-inaugural-address/
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006
Van Dijk, T. A. (2015). Critical discourse analysis. In D. Tannen, H. E. Hamilton & D. Schiffrin (Eds.), The Handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 466–485). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584194.ch22
Wilk, P., & Molek-Kozakowska, K. (2024). Constructing solidarity in discourse: A pragma-linguistic analysis of selected speeches by President Zelensky addressed to the international community. East European Review/Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski, 15(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.10870
Wilson, J. (1990). Politically speaking: The pragmatic analysis of political language. Blackwell. https://books.google.com.vn/books/about/Politically_Speaking.html?id=r115QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Wodak, R. (2001). The discourse-historical approach. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 63–94). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020.n4