POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN THE CONVERSATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE COURSE BOOK “CAMPAIGN 2”
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study is to focus on positive and negative politeness strategies in conversations of the course book “Campaign 2” by Simon Mellor-Clark and Yvonne Baker de Altamirano with an aim to help students improve their awareness of politeness strategies in conversational activities in military setting, thus to apply these strategies in their everyday conversations in English. Within this scope of this study, typical conversation activities are classified into Bald-on record; Positive Strategies; Negative Strategies and Off-record Strategies and then analyzed mainly in the light of the politeness theories of Brown & Levinson (1987). The research shows that the frequency of positive and negative politeness strategies depends not only on the purpose of the interactions but also on the relationship between speakers and hearers in communication.
Article Details
Keywords
politeness strategies, communication, conversation, relationship
References
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.
Fraser, B. & Nolen, W. (1981). The association of deference with linguistic form. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 27, 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1981.27.93
Fraser, B. (1975). The concept of politeness. George Town University.
Fraser, B. (1990). Perspective on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-N
Kasper, G. (1990). Linguistic Politeness: Current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W
Kasper, G. (1994). Politeness. In Asher, R. E. & Simpson, J. M. Y. (Eds.). The encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 3206–3211). Pergamon Press.
Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. New York.
Lakoff, R. T. (1990). Talking power: The politics of language in our lives. Glasgow: HarperCollins.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. Longman.
Quang, N. (2003). Intercultural and cross-culture communication. VNU Press.
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction: An introduction to pragmatics. Longman.
Watts, R., Ide, S. & Ehlich, K. (Eds.), (1992a). Politeness in language: Studies in its history, Theory and practice. Mouton de Gruyter.
Watts, Richard. J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge University Press.