JACK LONDON AND ERNEST HEMINGWAY: THE SIMILARITIES IN BUILDING CHARACTERS’ SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND SELF-MANAGEMENT IN “TO BUILD A FIRE”, “THE LAW OF LIFE”, AND “THE SNOWS OF KILIMANJARO”
Main Article Content
Abstract
Jack London and Ernest Hemingway are among eminent American writers of the twentieth century. With a desire to express the importance of emotional intelligence in literature, this article aims to find out how self-consciousness is expressed in short stories, namely “The law of life”, “To build a fire”, and “The snows of Kilimanjaro”. A qualitative method is undertaken to collect vital data for investigating self-consciousness and conclusions. Findings show that the direct correlation between self-consciousness and self-management impacts the final result of the characters. Moreover, this research figures out the similarities of two authors in using writing techniques to build characters’ self-consciousness. As a result, a deeper insight into London’s and Hemingway’s works and their resemblances concerning character building are provided.
Article Details
Keywords
emotional intelligence in literature, self-consciousness, self-management
References
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Baldick, C. (2001). The concise Oxford dictionary of literary terms. Oxford University Press.
Barlow, J., Wright, C., Sheasby, J., Turner, A., & Hainsworth, J. (2002). Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: A review. Patient Education and Counseling, 48(2), 177-187.
Boon, K. A. (2008). Ernest Hemingway: The sun also rises and other works. Marshall Cavendish Corporation.
Bradberry, T., & Greaves, J. (2009). Emotional intelligence 2.0. TalentSmart.
Buss, A. H. (2001). Psychological dimensions of the self. Sage Publications.
Carey, G. K. (2007). Cliffs notes on Hemingway's the sun also rises. Cliffs Notes, Inc.
Cherniss, C., & Goleman, D. (2001). The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations. Jossey-Bass.
Duckworth, D. (2015). Self-consciousness and the integration of pramana and madhyamaka. Asian Philosophy, 25(2), 207–215.
Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of objective self consciousness. Academic Press.
Falewicz, A., & Bak, W. (2016). Private vs. public self-consciousness and self-discrepancies. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 4(1), 58-64.
Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-
consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 43(4), 522-527. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076760
Fenton, C. A. (1954). The apprenticeship of Ernest Hemingway. Farrar Straus And Young.
Gipps, R. (2013). The Oxford handbook of philosophy and psychiatry. Oxford University Press.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam Books.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. Bantam.
Grant, M. (1997). The paradox of setting in American naturalism: A study of Jack London’s “To build a fire”, Stephen Crane’s the red badge of courage, and Upton Sinclair’s the jungle [Master’s thesis, Winthrop University].
Greenberg, J., & Musham, C. (1981). Avoiding and seeking self-focused attention. Journal of Research in Personality, 15(2), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(81)90018-0
Hemingway, E. (1936). The snows of Kilimanjaro. Easton Press. https://pdcrodas.webs.ull.es/naturalismo/HemingwayTheSnowsOfKilimanjaro.pdf
Holmes, F. M. (1985). Fictional self-consciousness in John Fowles's “The Ebony tower”. ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature, 16(3), 21-38.
Ickes, W. J., Wicklund, R. A., & Ferris, C. B. (1973). Objective self awareness and self esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9(3), 202-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(73)90010-3
Jablon, M. (1999). Black metafiction: Self-consciousness in African American literature. University of Iowa Press.
Keenan, J. P., Gallup, G. G., & Falk, D. (2003). The face in the mirror: The search for the origins of consciousness. ECCO.
London, J. (1901). The law of life. Easton Press. https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/the-law-of-life.pdf
London, J. (1908). To build a fire. Easton Press. https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/to-build-a-fire.pdf
Nabi, O. M. (2015). Exploring naturalism in London's "The call of the wild" and Crane's "Maggie: A girl of the streets". Cyprus International University.
Niroula, K. B. (2020). Self-management: A tool for positive psychology. Journal of Management, 3(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.3126/jom.v3i1.30913
Rasheed, S. P. (2015). Self-consciousness as a therapeutic tool for nurse/client relationship. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 8(1), 211.
Roberts, E. V., & Jacobs, H. E. (1989). Fiction: An introduction to reading and writing. Prentice Hall.
Rubinstein, A. T. (2011). American literature root and flower. New York University Press.
Serrat, O. (2017). Understanding and developing emotional intelligence. In O. Serrat (Ed.), Knowledge solutions (pp. 329-339). Springer Singapore.
Silvia, P. J., & Duval, T. S. (2001). Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(3), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0503_4
Sisakht, I. N. (2014). Analysis of narrative and importance of point of view in novels. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3(7), 181-184.
Vermillion, D. (1956). An analysis of the techniques of characterization. Indiana State Teachers College.
Wojslawowicz, J. C. (2005). Public and private self-consciousness during early adolescence [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. Digital Repository at the University of Maryland. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2494
Zhang, X. (2010). Naturalism presented in The call of the wild. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(3), 278-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.3.278-281