METAPHOR: MAPPING THE CONCEPTUAL LANDSCAPE
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper aims to sketch the current state of metaphor research, tracing its development from classical rhetoric to contemporary approaches including multimodal, cognitive, pragmatic, and critical perspectives. It outlines the theoretical foundations of metaphor and its conceptual, cultural, and communicative functions, emphasizing how metaphors, grounded in embodied experience and image schemas, both shape and reflect cognition, culture, and ideology. The discussion engages with Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), Conceptual Blending Theory (CBT), Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory (ECMT), and Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA), while highlighting its cross-cultural variation and use across multiple domains. Metaphor has become a central lens for exploring how we conceptualize, interpret, and relate to the world. In addition to this global overview, the paper enriches the field with a selective review of Vietnamese metaphor studies, showcasing how Vietnam-based research contributes to the overall conceptual landscape. It argues that metaphor research now stands at an interdisciplinary crossroads. Emerging directions include examining metaphors across new modalities such as speech, sign language, gesture, film, emoji, memes, and advertising, and exploring the growing role of digital and AI-mediated environments in meaning-making. At the same time, the paper underscores the growing importance of metaphor awareness in language education as a means of strengthening learners’ interpretive and critical skills. We conclude that metaphor is a foundational cognitive and cultural resource - dynamic, adaptable, and central to meaning-making in diverse social interactions, and recommend future research on metaphors in digital and AI-mediated contexts, in language education, and in developing context-sensitive methodological frameworks.
Keywords
conceptual metaphor, embodiment, multimodality, conceptual blending, meaning-making, framing
Article Details
References
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Boussaid, Y. (2024). The difficulties hindering EFL teachers from using metaphor-based teaching. Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v7n2.1495
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Chavoshan, I., & Fernández, L. (Eds.). (2025). Conceptual metaphor theory in world language education: Theory, research, and pedagogy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003468912
Danesi, M. (1995). Learning and teaching languages: the role of “conceptual fluency”.
International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00069.x
Dodge, E., et al. (2015). MetaNet: Deep semantic automatic metaphor analysis. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in NLP (pp. 40-49). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/W15-1405
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Evans, V., & Green, M. (2006). Cognitive linguistics: An introduction. Edinburgh University Press.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.
Fauconnier, G., & Turner, M. (2002). The way we think: Conceptual blending and the mind's hidden complexities. Basic books.
Fillmore, C. J. (1982). Frame semantics. In the Linguistic Society of Korea (Ed.), Linguistics in the morning calm (pp. 111-137). Hanshin Publishing Co. http://brenocon.com/Fillmore%201982_2up.pdf
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Forceville, C. (2005). Visual representations of the idealized cognitive model of anger in the Asterix album La Zizanie. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(1), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2003.10.002
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Forceville, C. (2024). Identifying and interpreting visual and multimodal metaphor in commercials and feature films. Metaphor and Symbol, 39(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2023.2271544
Forceville, C. (2025). Metaphors in Stand Up 2 Cancer animations. Metaphor and the Social World, 10, 273–291. https://doi.org/10.1075/MSW.24035.FOR
Forceville, C., & Urios-Aparisi, E. (Eds.). (2009). Multimodal metaphor. Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.05.001
Garzone, G. (2021). Rethinking metaphors in COVID-19 communication. Lingue e Linguaggi, 159-181. https://doi.org/10.1285/I22390359V44P159
Gannon, M. (1994). Understanding global cultures: Metaphorical journeys through 17 nations (1st ed.). Sage.
Gannon, M. & Pillai, R. (2013). Understanding global cultures: Metaphorical journeys through 31 nations, clusters of nations, continents, and diversity (5th ed.). Sage.
Gannon, M. J. (2011). Cultural metaphors: Their use in management practice as a method for understanding cultures. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1065
Ge, M., Mao, R. & Cambria, E. (2023). A survey on computational metaphor processing techniques: from identification, interpretation, generation to application. Artificial Intelligence Review, 56 (Suppl 2), 1829-1895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10564-7
Gibbs, R. W. (2008). Image schemas in conceptual development: what happened to the body? Philosophical Psychology, 21, 231-239.
Gibbs, R. W. (2011). Evaluating conceptual metaphor theory. Discourse Processes, 48(8), 529-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2011.606103
Glebkin, V. (2013). A critical view on conceptual blending theory. In M. Knauff, M. Pauen, N. Sebanz, & I. Wachsmuth (Eds.), Proceedings of the 35th annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2404-2409). Cognitive Science Society.
Grady, J. E. (1997). Foundations of meaning: Primary metaphors and primary scenes. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Hart, C. (2014/2016). Discourse, grammar and ideology: Functional and cognitive perspectives. Routledge.
Johnson, M. (1987). The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. University of Chicago Press.
Kimmel, M. (2004). Metaphor variation in cultural context: Perspectives from anthropology. European Journal of English Studies, 8(3), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/1382557042000277395
Klein, N. (2020). On fire: The (burning) case for a green new deal. Simon & Schuster.
Kövecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614408
Kövecses, Z. (2015). Where metaphors come from: Reconsidering context in metaphor. Oxford University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2020a). Extended conceptual metaphor theory. Cambridge University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2020b). An extended view of conceptual metaphor theory. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 18(1), 112-130. https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00053.kov
Lake, B. M., et al. (2017). Building machines that learn and think like people. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 40, e253. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X16001837
Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (pp. 202-251). Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G., & Núñez, R. E. (2000). Where mathematics comes from: How the embodied mind brings mathematics into being. New York: Basic Books.
Langacker, R. W. (1987). Foundations of cognitive grammar: Volume I: Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford University Press.
Leon, A. (2022). Contributions to the history and philosophy of science, paper 2/10: Metaphor and cognition. The General Science Journal, 1-22. https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Philosophy/Download/9194
Li Wei. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9-30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
Littlemore, J., & Low, G. (2006a). Figurative thinking and foreign language learning. Palgrave Macmillan.
Littlemore, J., & Low, G. (2006b). Metaphoric competence, second language learning, and communicative language ability. Applied Linguistics, 27(2), 268-294. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml004
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