JAPANESE CHALLENGE TO THE HEGEMONY OF CHINESE DYNASTIES: A VIEW FROM THE POWER DISCOURSE OF REALISM
Main Article Content
Abstract
The article attempts to use Realism's power discourse to explain the cause and success when Japan challenged the hegemony of Chinese dynasties. The results show that from the 2nd century B.C.E. to the end of the 19th century C.E., successive Chinese dynasties were the hegemon in Northeast Asia. However, Chinese dynasties also always faced challenges from other countries in the region. From the 3rd century C.E., Japanese challenge against Chinese dynasties began, from indirectly to directly, and then increased in intensity and variety in form. By the end of the 19th century, Japan had successfully abolished the hegemony of the Chinese dynasty Qing in the region. The reason Japan challenged Chinese dynasties was to seek power to advance the interests of individuals, political groups, and the nation. There were many different factors that helped Japan succeed. The article proposes geographical conditions, science and technology, strategy and tactics, and the decline of Chinese dynasties as four main factors that helped Japan successfully posed its challenge to Chinese dynasties.
Article Details
Keywords
Japan-China relations, Chinese dynasty, challenge, hegemony, power discourse
References
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Weems, C. N. (1905). Hulbert history of Korea. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
White, T. (1895). The war in the East: Japan, China, and Corea. Monarch.
Wohlforth, W. C. (2008). Realism. In C. Reus-Smit & D. Snidal (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of international relations (pp. 131-150). Oxford University Press.
Xu, J. L. (2004a). Er shi si shi quan yi: Han Shu. Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe.
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Zhao, E. X. (1977). Qingshi gao. Zhonghua Shuju.
Asakawa, K. (1903). The early institutional life of Japan: A study in the reform of 645. Waseda University.
Asakawa, K. (1963). The early institutional life of Japan: A study in the reform of 645. Paragon Press.
Aston. G. W. (1896). Nihongi, chronicles of Japan from the earliest time to A.D. 697 (Vol. 1). Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Limited.
Brinkley, F. (1893). The history of the empire of Japan. Dai Nippon Tosho Kabushiki Kwaisha.
Brown, D. M. (1993). The Yamato kingdom. In D. M. Brown (Ed.), The Cambridge history of Japan: Ancient Japan (Vol. 1, pp. 108-162). Cambridge University Press.
Buruma, I. (2013, December 15). East Asia’s sins of the fathers. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/ian-buruma-examines-the-family-history-behind-the-region-s-territorial-disputes?barrier=accesspaylog
Cheng, W. M. (2004). Jia Wu zhanzheng Zhongguo shibai de yuanyin he jiaoxun. Xiangtan shifan xueyuan xuebao, 26(6), 50-53.
Cranston, E. A. (1993). Asuka and Nara culture: Literacy, literature, and music. In D. M. Brown (Ed.), The Cambridge history of Japan: Ancient Japan (Vol. 1, pp. 453-503). Cambridge University Press.
Cullen, L. M. (2003). A history of Japan, 1582-194: Internal and external worlds. Oxford University Press.
Foxnews (2015, December 2015). Japan defense report stresses China's threat as Tokyo pushes to give its military greater role. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015-07/20/japan-defense-report-stresses-china-threat-as-tokyo-pushes-to-give-its-military.html
Gale, A. (2017, December 20). Japan is building missile bases to confront rising threat from China. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/japan-is-building-missile-bases-to-confront-rising-threat-from-china-1513765804
Gordon, A. (2003). A modern history of Japan - From Tokugawa times to the present. Oxford University Press.
Henshall, K. G. (2004). History of Japan - From Stone age to Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.
Hiroshi, K., & Makoto, S. (1976). The Yayoi period. Asian Perspectives, 19(1), 15-26.
Hoàng, K. N. (2011). Quyền lực trong quan hệ quốc tế. NXB Văn hóa-Thông tin.
Holcombe, C. (2001). The genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press.
Huang, Ch. Y. (1998). Zhongguo lichao xingzheng guanli. Zhongguo Renmin Daxue chubanshe.
Iriye, A. (1989). Japan’s drive to great-power status. In M. B. Jansen (Ed.), The Cambridge history of Japan: The nineteenth century (Vol. 5, pp. 721-782). Cambridge University Press.
Jacobs, J. B. (2014). Taiwan’s colonial experiences and the development of ethnic identities: Some hypothese. Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, 5, 47-59.
Jansen, M. B. (2002). The making of Modern Japan. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Japan Ministry of Defense. (2018). Defense of Japan 2018 [White paper]. https://warp.da.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/11591426/www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/2018.html
Kang, D. C. (2010). East Asia before the west: Five centuries of trade and tribute. Columbia University Press.
Keegan, J. (1993). A history of warfare. Vintage Books.
Kerr, G. H. (1953). Ryukyu kingdom and province before 1945. The Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council.
Koike, Y. (2015, June 24). Japan stands up. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/japan-new-foreign-policy-by-yuriko-koike-2015-06?barrier=accesspaylog
Kojo, H. (2018, March 2019). Japan deploys missile batteries, troops close to Senkaku Islands. The Asahi Shimbun. http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201903260044.html
Kyodo (2016, July 26). Japan presses China to accept South China Sea court ruling. The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/26/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-presses-china-accept-south-china-sea-court-ruling/#.W8a843szbIV
Lendon, B. (2018, October 16). Why you're seeing more of Japan's military. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/15/asia/japan-military-visibility-intl/index.html
Liao, X. Y. (1995). Zhongguo xiaoshitong: Mingchao. Zhongguo Qingnian chubanshe.
Lowy Institute. (2021). Lowy Institute Asia power index. 2021 edition. https://power.lowyinstitute.org/
Mearsheimer, J. (2013). Structural realism in international relations theories discipline and diversity. Oxford University Press.
Milner, H. V. (2009). Power, interdependence, and nonstate actors in world politics: Research frontiers in power, interdependence, and nonstate actors in world politics. Princeton University Press.
Mogato, M., & Birsel, R. (2016, August 18). Philippines gets first coastguard boat from Japan to boost security. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-philippines-japan/philippines-gets-first-coastguard-boat-from-japan-to-boost-security-idUSKCN10T11V
Morgenthau, H. J. (1949). Politics among nations - The struggle for power and peace. Alfred A. Knopf.
Morris, J. (1906). Makers of Japan. Methuen & Co.
Murdoch, J. (1949). A history of Japan: Volume 1. Routledge & Kegan Paul. Ltd.
Murray, D. (1894). Japan. G.P. Putnam’sons.
Nye, J. S. Jr. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. Public Affairs.
Panda, R. (2014). Japan’s Defense White Paper 2014 and coping with the China ‘threat’. In P. Gorjāo (Ed.), IPRIS Viewpoints. Portuguese Institute of International Relations and Security. http://www.ipris.org/?page=pub&id=C
Ravina, M. (2017). Japan’s Meiji restoration in world history. Oxford University Press.
Rhee, S. (1922). Korea's appeal to the conference on limitation of armament. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Seth, M. J. (2011). A history of Korea: From antiquity to the present. Rowman & Littlefield, Inc.
Srinivas, M. (2015). What Japan’s defense policy revision means. DW. https://www.dw.com/en/what-japans-defen se-policy-revision-means/a-18589489
Sukehiro, H. (1989). Japan’s turn to the west. In M. B. Jansen (Ed.), The Cambridge history of Japan: The nineteenth century (Vol. 5, pp. 432-498). Cambridge University Press.
Sun, Y. (2015, September 21). China’s preferred world order: What does China want? Pacific Forum CSIS. https://www.pacforum.org/sites/default/files/tmp/Pac1562.pdf
Turbull, S. (2002). Sumurai invasion Japan’s Korean war 1592-98. Cassell & Co.
Wang, Sh. H. (2003). Zhongguo gaikuang. Beijing Daxue chubanshe.
Weems, C. N. (1905). Hulbert history of Korea. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
White, T. (1895). The war in the East: Japan, China, and Corea. Monarch.
Wohlforth, W. C. (2008). Realism. In C. Reus-Smit & D. Snidal (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of international relations (pp. 131-150). Oxford University Press.
Xu, J. L. (2004a). Er shi si shi quan yi: Han Shu. Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe.
Xu, J. L. (2004b). Er shi si shi quan yi: Hou Han Shu. Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe.
Xu, J. L. (2004c). Er shi si shi quan yi: Sanguo Zhi. Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe.
Xu, J. L. (2004d). Er shi si shi quan yi: Song Shu. Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe.
Xu, J. L. (2004e). Er shi si shi quan yi: Sui Shu. Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe.
Xu, J. L. (2004f). Er shi si shi quan yi: Jiu Tang Shu. Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe.
Xu, J. L. (2004g). Er shi si shi quan yi: Yuan Shi. Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe.
Xu, J. L. (2004h). Er shi si shi quan yi: Ming Shi. Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe.
Zhao, E. X. (1977). Qingshi gao. Zhonghua Shuju.