EMBODIED MULTIMODALITY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING: AFFORDANCES FOR ENRICHMENT AND EMPOWERMENT
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this conceptual article, we explore the possibilities of multimodality, both digital and non-digital, in English language teaching (ELT) and its capacity to enrich learning and empower learners. We draw on embodied cognition, digital multimodal composing (DMC), and semiotics to propose a way of thinking about multimodality as an entanglement of sensory, cognitive, and sociocultural processes. From an embodied cognition perspective, language learning is conceived as grounded in the body, with gesture, movement, and sensory engagement shaping meaning-making. DMC extends these embodied processes into digital spaces, where learners can weave together text, image, sound, and movement to communicate in authentic and creative ways. Semiotics offers a lens to analyse how meaning is produced and interpreted across modes, revealing the cultural and communicative affordances of multimodal expression. By bringing these perspectives together, we aim to show how multimodality can expand communicative repertoires, foster deeper engagement, and create inclusive opportunities for expression, especially for linguistically diverse learners. Three implications for ELT practice are offered: 1) the need to integrate multimodal design into everyday teaching, 2) to develop assessment practices that value the interplay of modes, and 3) to create learning environments that utilise learners' embodied and cultural resources.
Keywords
English language teaching (ELT), embodied cognition, multimodality, digital literacies
Article Details
References
Alibali, M. W., & Nathan, M. J. (2012). Embodiment in mathematics teaching and learning: Evidence from learners' and teachers' gestures. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 21(2), 247–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2011.611446
Al-Kadi, A., & Ahmed, R. (2025). Inclusivity and learner engagement through multimodal approaches in English language learning. Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Gulf Perspectives, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/LTHE-02-2025-0007
Anderson, J., & Macleroy, V. (2016). Multilingual digital storytelling: Engaging creatively and critically with literacy. Routledge.
Asher, J. J. (2009). Learning another language through actions (7th ed.). Sky Oaks Productions.
Atkinson, D. (2011). Alternative approaches to second language acquisition. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203830932
Barrot, J. S. (2023). Using ChatGPT for second language writing: Pitfalls and potentials. Assessing Writing, 57, 100745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2023.100745
Barnes, M., & Tour, E. (2023). Empowering English as an additional language students through digital multimodal composing. Literacy, 57(2), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12319
Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617–645. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639
Bezemer, J., & Kress, G. (2016). Multimodality, learning and communication: A social semiotic frame. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315687537
Blackledge, A., & Creese, A. (2017). Translanguaging and the body. International Journal of Multilingualism, 14(3), 250–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2017.1315809
Block, D., & Cameron, D. (Eds.). (2002). Globalization and language teaching. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203193679
Blommaert, J. (2010). The sociolinguistics of globalization. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511845307
Burnett, C. (2016). Being together in classrooms at the interface of the physical and virtual: Implications for collaboration in on/off screen sites. Learning, Media and Technology, 41(4), 566–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1050036
Burnett, C., & Merchant, G. (2018). Literacy-as-event: Accounting for relationality in literacy research. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 41(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2018.1460318
Canagarajah, S. (2011). Codemeshing in academic writing: Identifying teachable strategies of translanguaging. The Modern Language Journal, 95(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01207.x
Canagarajah, S. (2013). Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073889
Celik, I., Dindar, M., Muukkonen, H., & Järvelä, S. (2022). The promises and challenges of artificial intelligence for teachers: A systematic review of research. TechTrends, 66(4), 616–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00715-y
Choi, J., & Yi, Y. (2016). Teachers’ integration of multimodality into classroom practices for English language learners. TESOL Journal, 7(2), 304–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.204
Christou, E., Vassiliou, P., & Parmaxi, A. (2025). Augmented reality in language learning: a systematic literature review of the state-of-the-art and task design considerations. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2025.2504706
Clark, A. (2008). Supersizing the mind: Embodiment, action, and cognitive extension. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333213.001.0001
Compagnoni, I. (2025). Pedagogical implications of AI-enhanced digital storytelling in EFL education. International Journal of Linguistics, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v17i5.22773
Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2009). "Multiliteracies": New literacies, new learning. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 4(3), 164–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/15544800903076044
Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2015). The things you do to know: An introduction to the pedagogy of multiliteracies. In B. Cope & M. Kalantzis (Eds.), A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Learning by design (pp. 1–36). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137539724_1
Creely, E. (2024). Exploring the Role of Generative AI in Enhancing Language Learning: Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of Changes in Education, 1(3), 158-167.
https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewIJCE42022495
Domingo, M., Jewitt, C., & Kress, G. (2014). Multimodal social semiotics: Writing in online contexts. In K. Pahl & J. Rowsell (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of contemporary literary studies (pp. 251–266). Routledge.
Early, M., & Norton, B. (2012). Language learner stories and imagined identities. Narrative Inquiry, 22(1), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.22.1.15ear
Edwards-Groves, C. (2011). The multimodal writing process: Changing practices in contemporary classrooms. Language and Education, 25(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2010.523468
Ellis, R. (2018). Reflections on task-based language teaching. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788920148
García, O., & Li, W. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137385765
Gee, J. P. (2004). Situated language and learning: A critique of traditional schooling. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203594216
Glenberg, A. M., & Gallese, V. (2012). Action-based language: A theory of language acquisition, comprehension, and production. Cortex, 48(7), 905–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.010
Godwin-Jones, R. (2018). Using mobile devices in the language classroom: Part of the Cambridge Papers in ELT series. Cambridge University Press.
Guichon, N., & McLornan, S. (2008). The effects of multimodality on L2 learners: Implications for CALL resource design. System, 36(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2007.11.005
Hafner, C. A. (2014). Embedding digital literacies in English language teaching: Students' digital video projects as multimodal ensembles. TESOL Quarterly, 48(4), 655–685. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.138
Hafner, C. A. (2015). Remix culture and English language teaching: The expression of learner voice in digital multimodal compositions. TESOL Quarterly, 49(3), 486–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.238
Hall, J. K. (2012). Teaching and researching: Language and culture (2nd ed.). Pearson Education.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203783771
Hong, W. C. H. (2023). The impact of ChatGPT on foreign language teaching and learning: Opportunities in education and research. Journal of Educational Technology and Innovation, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.61414/jeti.v5i1.103
Huang, T. H., & Wang, L. Z. (2023). Artificial intelligence learning approach through total physical response embodiment teaching on French vocabulary learning retention. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(8), 1608–1632. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.2008980
Humphries, S., & Burns, A. (2015). 'In reality it's almost impossible': CLT-oriented curriculum change. ELT Journal, 69(3), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccu081
Hung, Y. W., Chiang, C. Y., & Chiu, C. Y. (2013). Using multimodal assessment to explore students' learning of science. International Journal of Science Education, 35(14), 2426–2443. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2012.665194
Jenkins, J. (2015). Repositioning English and multilingualism in English as a Lingua Franca. Englishes in Practice, 2(3), 49–85. https://doi.org/10.1515/eip-2015-0003
Jeon, J., & Lee, S. (2023). Large language models in education: A focus on the complementary relationship between human teachers and ChatGPT. Education and Information Technologies, 28(12), 15873–15892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11834-1
Jewitt, C. (2008). Multimodality and literacy in school classrooms. Review of Research in Education, 32(1), 241–267. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X07310586
Jewitt, C., Bezemer, J., & O'Halloran, K. (2016). Introducing multimodality. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315638027
Jusslin, S., Korpinen, K., Lilja, N., Martin, R., Lehtinen-Schnabel, J., & Anttila, E. (2022). Embodied learning and teaching approaches in language education: A mixed studies review. Educational Research Review, 37, Article 100480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100480
Kaplan-Rakowski, R., & Gruber, A. (2019). Low-immersion versus high-immersion virtual reality: Definitions, classification, and examples with a foreign language focus. In Proceedings of the Innovation in Language Learning International Conference (pp. 552–555). Pixel.
Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., ... & Kasneci, G. (2023). ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103, 102274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274
Kelly, S. D., McDevitt, T., & Esch, M. (2009). Brief training with co-speech gesture lends a hand to word learning in a foreign language. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24(2), 313–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960802365567
Khatin-Zadeh, O., Eskandari, Z., Cervera-Torres, S., Ruiz Fernández, S., Farzi, R., & Marmolejo-Ramos, F. (2021). The strong versions of embodied cognition: Three challenges faced. Psychology & Neuroscience, 14(1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000252
Kohnke, L., Moorhouse, B. L., & Zou, D. (2023). ChatGPT for language teaching and learning. RELC Journal, 54(2), 537–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231162868
Kostopolus, E. (2025). Student use of generative AI as a composing process supplement: Concerns for intellectual property and academic honesty. Computers and Composition, 75, Article 102894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2024.102894
Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality: A social semiotic approach to contemporary communication. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203970034
Kress, G., & Selander, S. (2012). Multimodal design, learning and cultures of recognition. The Internet and Higher Education, 15(4), 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.12.003
Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication. Arnold.
Lambert, J. (2013). Digital storytelling: Capturing lives, creating community (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203102329
Lapaire, J.-R. (2016). The choreography of time: Metaphor, gesture and construal. In R. Gabriel & A. C. Pelosi (Eds.), Linguagem e cognição: emergência e produção de sentidos (pp. 217–234). Insular. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311439570_The_choreography_of_time_metaphor_gesture_and_construal
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2018). Looking ahead: Future directions in, and future research into, second language acquisition. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12314
Larsen-Freeman, D., & Anderson, M. (2013). Techniques and principles in language teaching (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Lee, S., Choe, H., Zou, D., & Jeon, J. (2026). Generative AI (GenAI) in the language classroom: A systematic review. Interactive Learning Environments, 34(1), 335-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2498537
Lim, F. V., & Tan, K. Y. S. (2018). Developing multimodal literacy through teaching the critical viewing of films in Singapore. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 62(3), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.882
Lim, F. V., Weninger, C., & Nguyen, T. T. H. (2021). "I expect boredom": Students' experiences and expectations of multiliteracies learning. Literacy, 55(2), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12243
Lotherington, H., & Jenson, J. (2011). Teaching multimodal and digital literacy in L2 settings: New literacies, new basics, new pedagogies. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 226–246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190511000110
Lyu, C., & Deng, S. (2024). Effectiveness of embodied learning on learning performance: A meta-analysis based on the cognitive load theory perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 116, 102564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102564
Macedonia, M., & von Kriegstein, K. (2012). Gestures enhance foreign language learning. Biolinguistics, 6(3-4), 393–416. https://doi.org/10.5964/bioling.8931
Mavilidi, M. F., Okely, A. D., Chandler, P., Cliff, D. P., & Paas, F. (2015). Effects of integrated physical exercises and gestures on preschool children's foreign language vocabulary learning. Educational Psychology Review, 27, 413-426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9337-z
McCafferty, S. G., & Stam, G. (Eds.). (2008). Gesture: Second language acquisition and classroom research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203866993
McNeill, D. (2005). Gesture and thought. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226514642.001.0001
Menken, K. (2008). English learners left behind: Standardized testing as language policy. Multilingual Matters.
Mills, K. A. (2016). Literacy theories for the digital age: Social, critical, multimodal, spatial, material and sensory lenses. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783094639
Mizumoto, A., & Eguchi, M. (2023). Exploring the potential of using an AI language model for automated essay scoring. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 2(2), 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2023.100050
Morett, L. M. (2014). When hands speak louder than words: The role of gesture in the communication, encoding, and recall of words in a novel second language. The Modern Language Journal, 98(3), 834–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12125
Newfield, D. (2014). Transformation, transduction and the transmodal moment. In C. Jewitt (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of multimodal analysis (pp. 100–114). Routledge.
Norris, S. (2004). Analyzing multimodal interaction: A methodological framework. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203379493
Norton, B., & Toohey, K. (2011). Identity, language learning, and social change. Language Teaching, 44(4), 412–446. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000309
Ntelioglou, B. Y., Fannin, J., Montanera, M., & Cummins, J. (2014). A multilingual and multimodal approach to literacy teaching and learning in urban education: A collaborative inquiry project in an inner city elementary school. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00533
Oskoz, A., & Elola, I. (2016). Digital stories: Bringing multimodal texts to the Spanish writing classroom. ReCALL, 28(3), 326–342. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344016000094
Pacheco, M. B., & Smith, B. E. (2015). Across languages, modes, and identities: Bilingual adolescents' multimodal codemeshing in the literacy classroom. Bilingual Research Journal, 38(3), 292–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2015.1091051
Pack, A., & Maloney, J. (2023). Using generative artificial intelligence for language education research: Insights from using OpenAI's ChatGPT. TESOL Quarterly, 57(4), 1571–1582. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3253
Pandya, J. Z. (2018). Exploring critical digital literacy practices: Everyday video in a dual language context. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315102672
Pennycook, A. (2017). The cultural politics of English as an international language. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315225593
Piazzoli, E. (2018). Embodying language in action: The artistry of process drama in second language education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77962-1
Pokrivcakova, S. (2019). Preparing teachers for the application of AI-powered technologies in foreign language education. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 7(3), 135-153. https://doi.org/10.2478/jolace-2019-0025
Reinhardt, J., & Thorne, S. (2019). Digital literacies as emergent multifarious literacies. In N. Arnold & L. Ducate (Eds.), Engaging language learners through CALL (pp. 208–239). Equinox.
Rosborough, A. (2014). Gesture, meaning-making, and embodiment: Second language learning in an elementary classroom. Journal of Pedagogy, 5(2), 227–250. https://doi.org/10.2478/jped-2014-0011
Rowe, L. W., & Miller, P. M. (2016). Designing for diverse learners: Using universal design and multimodal pedagogy in the classroom. In M. Kalantzis, B. Cope, & D. Zapata (Eds.), International perspectives on education (pp. 199–216). Common Ground.
Rowsell, J., Kosnik, C., & Beck, C. (2008). Fostering multiliteracies pedagogy through preservice teacher education. Teaching Education, 19(2), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210802040799
Royce, T. (2002). Multimodality in the TESOL classroom: Exploring visual-verbal synergy. TESOL Quarterly, 36(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588330
Rudolph, J., Tan, S., & Tan, S. (2023). ChatGPT: Bullshit spewer or the end of traditional assessments in higher education? Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 6(1), 342–363. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.9
Seidlhofer, B. (2011). Understanding English as a lingua franca. Oxford University Press.
Shapiro, L. (2019). Embodied cognition (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315180380
Shapiro, L., Bell, K., Dhas, K., Branson, T., Louw, G., & Keenan, I. D. (2020). Focused multisensory anatomy observation and drawing for enhancing social learning and three-dimensional spatial understanding. Anatomical Sciences Education, 13(4), 488–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1929
Shin, D. S., Cimasko, T., & Yi, Y. (2020). Development of metalanguage for multimodal composing: A case study of an L2 writer's design of multimedia texts. Journal of Second Language Writing, 47, 100714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2020.100714
Smith, B. E., Pacheco, M. B., & de Almeida, C. R. (2017). Multimodal codemeshing: Bilingual adolescents' processes composing across modes and languages. Journal of Second Language Writing, 36, 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2017.04.001
Stein, P. (2008). Multimodal pedagogies in diverse classrooms: Representation, rights and resources. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203935804
Stein, P., & Newfield, D. (2006). Multiliteracies and multimodality in English in education in Africa: Mapping the terrain. English Studies in Africa, 49(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00138390608691341
Sweller, J. (2022). The role of evolutionary psychology in our understanding of human cognition: Consequences for cognitive load theory and instructional procedures. Educational Psychology Review, 34(4), 2229–2241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09647-0
Tan, L., Zammit, K., D'warte, J., & Gearside, A. (2020). Assessing multimodal literacies in practice: A critical review of its implementations in educational settings. Language and Education, 34(2), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2019.1708926
Tellier, M. (2008). The effect of gestures on second language memorisation by young children. Gesture, 8(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.8.2.06tel
Toohey, K. (2019). The onto-epistemologies of new materialism: Implications for applied linguistics pedagogies and research. Applied Linguistics, 40(6), 937–956. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amy046
Toohey, K., Dagenais, D., Fodor, A., Hof, L., Nuñez, O., Singh, A., & Schulze, L. (2015). "That sounds so cooool": Entanglements of children, digital tools, and literacy practices. TESOL Quarterly, 49(3), 461–485. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.236
Tour, E. (2015). Digital mindsets: Teachers' technology use in personal life and teaching. Language Learning & Technology, 19(3), 124–139. https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/44437
Unsworth, L. (2014). Multiliteracies and metalanguage: Describing image/text relations as a resource for negotiating multimodal texts. In D. Leu, J. Coiro, M. Knobel, & C. Lankshear (Eds.), Handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 377–404). Routledge.
van Lier, L. (2004). The ecology and semiotics of language learning: A sociocultural perspective. Kluwer Academic. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-7912-5
Vandommele, G., Van den Branden, K., Van Gorp, K., & De Maeyer, S. (2017). In-school and out-of-school multimodal writing as an L2 writing resource for beginner learners of Dutch. Journal of Second Language Writing, 36, 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2017.05.010
Vasudevan, L., DeJaynes, T., & Schmier, S. (2010). Multimodal pedagogies: Playing, teaching and learning with adolescents' digital literacies. In D. Alvermann (Ed.), Adolescents' online literacies: Connecting classrooms, media, and paradigms (pp. 5–25). Peter Lang.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9vz4
Walsh, M. (2010). Multimodal literacy: What does it mean for classroom practice? Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 33(3), 211–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03651836
Warschauer, M., & Matuchniak, T. (2010). New technology and digital worlds: Analyzing evidence of equity in access, use, and outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 34(1), 179–225. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X09349791
Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 625–636. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196322
Winston, J. (2012). Second language learning through drama: Practical techniques and applications. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203805114
Witte, A. (2026). Embodiment, enaction, and the lived body in foreign language learning: A novel conception of action-oriented language education. Frontiers in Language Sciences, 4, Article 1761548. https://doi.org/10.3389/flang.2025.1761548
Yan, L., Greiff, S., Teuber, Z., & Gašević, D. (2024a). Promises and challenges of generative artificial intelligence for human learning. Nature Human Behaviour, 8(10), 1839–1850. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02004-5
Yan, L., Sha, L., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Chen, G., ... & Gašević, D. (2024b). Practical and ethical challenges of large language models in education: A systematic scoping review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(1), 90–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13370
Yancey, K. B. (2004). Postmodernism, palimpsest, and portfolios: Theoretical issues in the representation of student work. College Composition and Communication, 55(4), 738–761. https://doi.org/10.2307/4140669
Yi, Y., & Angay-Crowder, T. (2016). Multimodal pedagogies for teacher education in TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 50(4), 988–998. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.326
Yi, Y. (2014). Possibilities and challenges of multimodal literacy practices in teaching and learning English as an additional language. Language and Linguistics Compass, 8(4), 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12076
Zou, L., Zhang, Z., Mavilidi, M., Chen, Y., Herold, F., Ouwehand, K., & Paas, F. (2025). The synergy of embodied cognition and cognitive load theory for optimized learning. Nature Human Behaviour, 9, 877–885. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02152-2