IMPACTS OF ENGLISH MEDIUM INSTRUCTION ON DISCIPLINARY LEARNING AND ENGLISH PROFICIENCY FROM STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES IN A VIETNAMESE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Main Article Content
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the global expansion of English has seen an increase in the significance given to not only English language instruction, but also teaching other subject areas in English at various levels of education. By providing programs and courses that employ English as a medium of instruction across subjects, higher education institutions in non-native English speaking countries have tried to internationalize their image and boost their competitiveness in the education market. English as a medium of instruction (EMI) has been regarded as a language policy with the distinct advantage of addressing two objectives: content learning as the primary goal and English proficiency as a byproduct. However, studies on EMI practices have revealed inconsistency about the effects of EMI on both students' content learning and English competence, necessitating further investigation into this contentious issue. This qualitative case study aims to explore how EMI students at a Vietnamese technical institution perceive the influence of EMI on their disciplinary learning and English proficiency. The data from in-depth interviews with thirty-five students indicated some discrepancies in how students perceived the effects of EMI on students' subject learning and English proficiency. The study findings also identified several issues that students face in EMI courses and provides implications to optimize EMI approaches in the Vietnamese higher education context.
Keywords
English medium instruction, higher education, disciplinary learning, English proficiency
Article Details
References
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Costa, F., & Coleman, J. A. (2012). A survey of English-medium instruction in Italian higher education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 16(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2012.676621?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320183212_Internationalisation_higher_education_and_the_growing_demand_for_English_an_investigation_into_the_English_medium_of_instruction_EMI_movement_in_China_and_Japan_Internationalisation_higher_education_a
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Hamid, M. O., Nguyen, H. T. M., & Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (2013). Medium of instruction in Asia: Context, processes and outcomes. Current Issues in Language Planning, 14(1), 1–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272122453_Medium_of_instruction_in_Asia_Context_processes_and_outcomes
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Hellekjaer, G. O. (2010). Assessing lecture comprehension in Norwegian English-medium higher education. In C. Dalton-Puffer, T. Nikula, & U. Smit (Eds.), Language use and language learning in CLIL classrooms (pp. 233–258). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262261188_Language_Matters_Assessing_lecture_comprehension_in_Norwegian_English-medium_higher_education
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Hu, G., Li, L., & Lei, J. (2013). English-medium instruction at a Chinese university: Rhetoric and reality. Language Policy, 13(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-013-9298-3
Ibrahim, J. (2001). The implementation of EMI (English medium instruction) in Indonesian universities: Its opportunities, its threats, its problems, and its possible solutions. K@ta: A Biannual Publication on the study of Language and literature, 3(2), 121-138. https://scispace.com/pdf/the-implementation-of-emi-english-medium-instruction-in-57l7eqr6jg.pdf
Jensen, H. P., & Johannesson, H. (1995). Engineering courses taught in English: An experience from Denmark. European Journal of Engineering Education, 16(4), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/0304379950200103
Jensen, C., & Thøgersen, J. (2011). Danish university lecturers’ attitudes towards English as the medium of instruction. Ibérica, 22, 13–34.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289971842_Danish_University_lecturers'_attitudes_towards_English_as_the_medium_of_instruction
Kaplan, R. B., & Baldauf, R. B. (1997). Language planning: From practice to theory. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781800418059
Kim, E. G., Kwon, S. O., & Kim, J. (2017). Korean engineering students’ perceptions of English-medium instruction and L1 use. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38(2), 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1177061
Khan, H. I. (2013). An investigation of two universities’ postgraduate students’ and teachers’ perceptions of English-medium instruction in Pakistan. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow]. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/4451/1/2013Khanphd2.pdf
Lasagabaster, D. (2022). English-medium instruction in higher education. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108903493
Le, D. M. (2012). English as a medium of instruction at tertiary education system in Vietnam. Journal of Asia TEFL, 9(2), 97–122.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289285072_English_as_a_medium_of_instruction_at_tertiary_education_system_in_Vietnam
Lin, T., & Lei, J. (2021). English-Medium Instruction and Content Learning in Higher Education: Effects of Medium of Instruction, English Proficiency, and Academic Ability. Sage Open, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061533
Macaro, E., Curle, S., Pun, J., An, J., & Dearden, J. (2018). A systematic review of English-medium instruction in higher education. Language Teaching, 51(1), 36–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444817000350
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MOET. (2008). Project on advanced programs in Vietnamese universities (2008–2015). Ministry of Education and Training. https://chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=86901
Nguyen, H. T., Hamid, M. O., & Moni, K. (2016). English-medium instruction and self-governance in higher education: The journey of a Vietnamese university through the institutional autonomy regime. Higher Education, 72(5), 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9970-y?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle
Nguyen, H. T., Walkinshaw, I., & Pham, H. H. (2017). EMI programs in a Vietnamese university. In B. Fenton-Smith, P. Humphreys, I. Walkinshaw (Eds.), English-medium instruction in higher education in Asia-Pacific (pp. 37–52). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51976-0_3
McKay, S. L. (2014). Commentary: English-medium education in the global society. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 52(2), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2014-0010
Piller, I., & Cho, J. (2013). Neoliberalism as language policy. Language in Society, 42(1), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404512000887
Saldo, J., Atonen, A. M., Ben-at, N., Sagang, A. J., & Pelila, J. R. (2025). English as a medium of instruction in Asia: Examining roles, opportunities and challenges, and effective practices. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(1), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.56916/jmrd.v2i1.1020
Sert, N. (2008). The language of instruction dilemma in the Turkish context. System, 36(2), 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2007.11.006
Tamtam, A. G., Gallagher, F., Olabi, A. G., & Naher, S. (2012). A comparative study of the implementation of EMI. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 1417–1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.836
Uys, M., Van der Walt, J., Van der Berg, R., & Botha, S. (2007). English-medium instruction: A situation analysis. South African Journal of Education, 27(1), 69–72. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/saje/article/view/25099
Van der Walt, C. (2013). Multilingual higher education: Beyond English medium orientations. Multilingual Matters. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291870035_Multilingual_Higher_Education_Beyond_English_Medium_Orientations
Vietnam Government. (2008). Decision on the approval of the national foreign languages project (2008–2020). https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=78437
Vidal, K., & Jarvis, S. (2018). Effects of English-medium instruction on Spanish students’ proficiency and lexical diversity in English. Language Teaching Research, 24(5), 568-587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818817945
Vinke, A. A. (1995). English as the medium of instruction in Dutch engineering education. [Doctoral dissertation, Delft University of Technology]. Technische Universiteit Delft. https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/english-as-the-medium-of-instruction-in-dutch-engineering-educati/
Vu, T. T. N., & Burns, A. (2014). English as a medium of instruction: Challenges for Vietnamese tertiary lecturers. Journal of Asia TEFL, 11(3), 1–33.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283083963_English_as_a_medium_of_instruction_Challenges_for_Vietnamese_tertiary_lecturers
William, D. G. (2015). A systematic review of English-medium instruction (EMI) and implications for the South Korean higher education context. ELTWorldOnline: Special Issue on CLIL, 1–23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313656701_A_Systematic_Review_of_English_Medium_Instruction_EMI_and_Implications_for_the_South_Korean_Higher_Education_Context
Airey, J., & Linder, C. (2006). Language and the experience of learning university physics in Sweden. European Journal of Physics, 27(3), 553–560. https://doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/27/3/009?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle
Byun, K., Chu, H., Kim, M., Park, I., & Jung, J. (2011). English-medium teaching in Korean higher education: Policy debates and reality. Higher Education, 62(4), 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9397-4
Chang, Y. Y. (2010). English-medium instruction for subject courses in tertiary education: Reactions from Taiwanese undergraduate students. Taiwan International ESP Journal, 2(1), 55–84. https://doi.org/10.6706/TIESPJ.2010.2.1.3
Cho, D. W. (2012). English-medium instruction in the university context of Korea: Trade-offs between teaching outcomes and media-initiated university ranking. Journal of Asia TEFL, 9(4), 135–163. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289641620_English-medium_Instruction_in_the_University_Context_of_Korea_Tradeoff_between_teaching_outcomes_and_media-initiated_university_ranking
Coleman, H. (2011a). Allocating resources for English: The case of Indonesia’s English-medium international standard schools. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Dreams and realities: Developing countries and the English language (pp. 89–113). British Council.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313576556_Allocating_resources_for_English_The_case_of_Indonesia's_English_medium_International_Standard_Schools
Coleman, H. (2011b). Developing countries and the English language: Rhetoric, risks, roles and recommendations. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Dreams and realities: Developing countries and the English language (pp. 11–23). British Council.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313576112_Developing_countries_and_the_English_language_Rhetoric_risks_roles_and_recommendations
Costa, F., & Coleman, J. A. (2012). A survey of English-medium instruction in Italian higher education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 16(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2012.676621?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232577017_Qualitative_Inquiry_Research_Design_Choosing_Among_Five_Approaches
Dafouz, E., & Camacho-Miñano, M. M. (2016). Exploring the impact of English-medium instruction on university student academic achievement: The case of accounting. English for Specific Purposes, 44, 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2016.06.001
Dearden, J. (2015). English as a medium of instruction: A growing global phenomenon. British Council. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4f72cdf8-b2eb-4d41-a785-4a283bf6caaa
Dearden, J., & Macaro, E. (2016). Higher education teachers’ attitudes towards English: A three-country comparison. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 6(3), 455–486. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308813843_Higher_education_teachers'_attitudes_towards_English_medium_instruction_A_three-country_comparison
Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (2012). English-medium instruction at universities: Global challenges. Multilingual Matters. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285573621_English-Medium_Instruction_at_Universities_Global_Challenges
Earls, C. W. (2016). Evolving agendas in European English-medium higher education: Interculturality, multilingualism and language policy. Palgrave Macmillan.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303433222_Evolving_Agendas_in_European_English-Medium_Higher_Education_Interculturality_Multilingualism_and_Language_Policy
Galloway, N., Kriukow, J., & Numajiri, T. (2017). Internationalisation, higher education and the growing demand for English: An investigation into the English medium of instruction (EMI) movement in China and Japan. British Council.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320183212_Internationalisation_higher_education_and_the_growing_demand_for_English_an_investigation_into_the_English_medium_of_instruction_EMI_movement_in_China_and_Japan_Internationalisation_higher_education_a
Glesne, C., & Peshkin, A. (1992). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Longman. https://fr.scribd.com/document/678437785/Corrine-Glesne-Alan-Peshkin-Becoming-Qualitative-Researchers-an-Introduction-Pearson-Education-Ltd-1991
Griffiths, C. (Ed.). (2023). The practice of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) around the world. Springer Nature. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-30613-6
Hamid, M. O., Nguyen, H. T. M., & Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (2013). Medium of instruction in Asia: Context, processes and outcomes. Current Issues in Language Planning, 14(1), 1–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272122453_Medium_of_instruction_in_Asia_Context_processes_and_outcomes
Hamid, M. O., Jahan, I., & Islam, M. M. (2013). Medium of instruction policies and language practices, ideologies, and institutional divides. Current Issues in Language Planning, 14(1), 144–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.771417
Hellekjaer, G. O. (2010). Assessing lecture comprehension in Norwegian English-medium higher education. In C. Dalton-Puffer, T. Nikula, & U. Smit (Eds.), Language use and language learning in CLIL classrooms (pp. 233–258). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262261188_Language_Matters_Assessing_lecture_comprehension_in_Norwegian_English-medium_higher_education
Heugh, K. (2000). The case against bilingual and multilingual education in South Africa (Vol. 3). Cape Town: Praesa. http://www.praesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Paper6.pdf
Hu, G., Li, L., & Lei, J. (2013). English-medium instruction at a Chinese university: Rhetoric and reality. Language Policy, 13(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-013-9298-3
Ibrahim, J. (2001). The implementation of EMI (English medium instruction) in Indonesian universities: Its opportunities, its threats, its problems, and its possible solutions. K@ta: A Biannual Publication on the study of Language and literature, 3(2), 121-138. https://scispace.com/pdf/the-implementation-of-emi-english-medium-instruction-in-57l7eqr6jg.pdf
Jensen, H. P., & Johannesson, H. (1995). Engineering courses taught in English: An experience from Denmark. European Journal of Engineering Education, 16(4), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/0304379950200103
Jensen, C., & Thøgersen, J. (2011). Danish university lecturers’ attitudes towards English as the medium of instruction. Ibérica, 22, 13–34.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289971842_Danish_University_lecturers'_attitudes_towards_English_as_the_medium_of_instruction
Kaplan, R. B., & Baldauf, R. B. (1997). Language planning: From practice to theory. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781800418059
Kim, E. G., Kwon, S. O., & Kim, J. (2017). Korean engineering students’ perceptions of English-medium instruction and L1 use. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38(2), 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1177061
Khan, H. I. (2013). An investigation of two universities’ postgraduate students’ and teachers’ perceptions of English-medium instruction in Pakistan. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow]. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/4451/1/2013Khanphd2.pdf
Lasagabaster, D. (2022). English-medium instruction in higher education. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108903493
Le, D. M. (2012). English as a medium of instruction at tertiary education system in Vietnam. Journal of Asia TEFL, 9(2), 97–122.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289285072_English_as_a_medium_of_instruction_at_tertiary_education_system_in_Vietnam
Lin, T., & Lei, J. (2021). English-Medium Instruction and Content Learning in Higher Education: Effects of Medium of Instruction, English Proficiency, and Academic Ability. Sage Open, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061533
Macaro, E., Curle, S., Pun, J., An, J., & Dearden, J. (2018). A systematic review of English-medium instruction in higher education. Language Teaching, 51(1), 36–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444817000350
Meganathan, R. (2011). Language policy in education and the role of English in India. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Dreams and realities: Developing countries and the English language (pp. 57–86). British Council. https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Z413%20EDB%20Section04_0.pdf
MOET. (2008). Project on advanced programs in Vietnamese universities (2008–2015). Ministry of Education and Training. https://chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=86901
Nguyen, H. T., Hamid, M. O., & Moni, K. (2016). English-medium instruction and self-governance in higher education: The journey of a Vietnamese university through the institutional autonomy regime. Higher Education, 72(5), 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9970-y?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle
Nguyen, H. T., Walkinshaw, I., & Pham, H. H. (2017). EMI programs in a Vietnamese university. In B. Fenton-Smith, P. Humphreys, I. Walkinshaw (Eds.), English-medium instruction in higher education in Asia-Pacific (pp. 37–52). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51976-0_3
McKay, S. L. (2014). Commentary: English-medium education in the global society. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 52(2), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2014-0010
Piller, I., & Cho, J. (2013). Neoliberalism as language policy. Language in Society, 42(1), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404512000887
Saldo, J., Atonen, A. M., Ben-at, N., Sagang, A. J., & Pelila, J. R. (2025). English as a medium of instruction in Asia: Examining roles, opportunities and challenges, and effective practices. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(1), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.56916/jmrd.v2i1.1020
Sert, N. (2008). The language of instruction dilemma in the Turkish context. System, 36(2), 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2007.11.006
Tamtam, A. G., Gallagher, F., Olabi, A. G., & Naher, S. (2012). A comparative study of the implementation of EMI. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 1417–1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.836
Uys, M., Van der Walt, J., Van der Berg, R., & Botha, S. (2007). English-medium instruction: A situation analysis. South African Journal of Education, 27(1), 69–72. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/saje/article/view/25099
Van der Walt, C. (2013). Multilingual higher education: Beyond English medium orientations. Multilingual Matters. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291870035_Multilingual_Higher_Education_Beyond_English_Medium_Orientations
Vietnam Government. (2008). Decision on the approval of the national foreign languages project (2008–2020). https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=78437
Vidal, K., & Jarvis, S. (2018). Effects of English-medium instruction on Spanish students’ proficiency and lexical diversity in English. Language Teaching Research, 24(5), 568-587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818817945
Vinke, A. A. (1995). English as the medium of instruction in Dutch engineering education. [Doctoral dissertation, Delft University of Technology]. Technische Universiteit Delft. https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/english-as-the-medium-of-instruction-in-dutch-engineering-educati/
Vu, T. T. N., & Burns, A. (2014). English as a medium of instruction: Challenges for Vietnamese tertiary lecturers. Journal of Asia TEFL, 11(3), 1–33.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283083963_English_as_a_medium_of_instruction_Challenges_for_Vietnamese_tertiary_lecturers
William, D. G. (2015). A systematic review of English-medium instruction (EMI) and implications for the South Korean higher education context. ELTWorldOnline: Special Issue on CLIL, 1–23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313656701_A_Systematic_Review_of_English_Medium_Instruction_EMI_and_Implications_for_the_South_Korean_Higher_Education_Context