TOWARDS A TRANSLATOR COMPETENCE MODEL FOR VIETNAMESE CONTEXT: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Main Article Content
Abstract
Translation competence, as the fundamental objective of any translation program, has been a subject of interest in Translation Studies for decades. Developing a translation competence model eminently suitable for the local industry is a crucial step towards the professionalization of the translation market in Vietnam. This paper presents a critical review of current literature on translation competence, its acquisition and various translation competence models with reference to the context of Vietnam. An in-depth analysis from the article is expected to give specific recommendations for policy-makers, translation educators, translation service users and translation practitioners to strive for the common goal of a professionalized industry.
Article Details
Keywords
translation/ translator competence, translation competence acquisition, translation competence models
References
Angelelli, C. (2007). Longitudinal studies and the development of assessment for advanced competencies. In L. Ortega & H. Byrnes (Eds.), The longitudinal study of L2 advanced capacities (pp. 264–278). Routledge.
Beeby, A. (2000). Evaluating the development of translation competence. In C. Schäffner & B. Adab (Eds.), Developing translation competence (pp. 185-198). John Benjamins.
Bell, R. T. (1991). Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Longman.
Bernadini, S. (2004). The theory behind the practice: Translator training or translator education? In K. Malmkjer (Ed.), Translation in undergraduate degree programmes (pp. 17-29). Benjamins Translation Library.
Bowker, L., & Pearson, J. (2002). Working with specialized language: A guide to using corpora. Routledge.
Campbell, S. (1998). Translation into the second language. Longman.
Cao, D. (1996). Towards a model of translation proficiency. Target, 8(2), 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.8.2.07cao
Chesterman, A. (1997). Memes of translations. John Benjamins.
Colina S. (2003). Translation teaching: From research to the classroom: A handbook for teachers. McGraw-Hill.
Do, T. T. Q. (2015). Towards translator competence in educating professional translators: The case of university translation program in Vietnam. In H. Haroon, H. C. Omar, G. S. Seong & N. Ardi (Eds.), 15th international conference proceedings on translation - synergising the translation community: Academia, industry and professional practice (pp. 489-499). Malaysian Translators Association, Institute of Language and Literature, Malaysian Institute of Translation & Books Perbadanan Kota Buku.
Do, T. T. Q. (2016). Employability for graduate translation students: Towards possible translator training approach. In N. T. N. Nguyen & T. T. K. Nguyen (Eds.), Proceedings of national conference in training translation and interpreting at university level (pp. 319-331). VNUHCM Publishing House.
Do, T. T. Q. (2018). A multi-perspective approach to translation practice and translation pedagogy: Professional translators, trainers and students – data from language services sectors and university translator training programs in Australia and Vietnam [Doctoral dissertation, Monash University]. https://doi.org/10.26180/5c522cb6837e2
Do, T. T. Q. (2019). Pedagogical and professional perspectives on developing graduate’s employability: The case of university translation programs in Vietnam. In R. Chowdhury (Ed.), Transformation and empowerment through education: Reconstructing our relationship with education (pp. 95-115). Routledge.
Ehrensberger-Dow, M., & Massey G. (2008). Exploring translation competence by
triangulating empirical data. Norwich Papers: Studies in Translation, 16, 1–20. https://www.academia.edu/26640425/Exploring_translation_competence_by_triangulating_empirical_data
EMT Expert Group (2017). The EMT translator trainer profile: Competences of the trainer in translation. https://fr.scribd.com/document/246979198/Translator-Trainer-Profile-EMT
Eser, O. (2015). A model of translator’s competence from an educational perspective. International Journal of Comparative Literature & Translation Studies, 3(1), 4-15. http://www.journals.aiac.org.au/index.php/IJCLTS/article/view/1279
García González, M., & Veiga Díaz, M. T. (2015). Guided inquiry and project-based learning in
the field of specialised translation: A description of two learning experiences. Perspectives:
Studies in Translatology, 23(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2014.948018
Gonzalez, J. & Wagenaar, R. G. (Eds). (2005). Tuning educational structures in Europe: Final report - Phase one. Universidad de Deusto.
Gouadec, D. (2007). Translation as a profession. John Benjamins.
Hansen, G. (1997). Success in translation. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 5(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.1997.9961310
Harris, B. (1980). How a three-year-old translates. In E. A. Afrendas (Ed.), Patterns of bilingualism (pp. 370-393). National University of Singapore Press.
Hatim, B., & Mason, I. (1997). The translator as communicator. Routledge.
Hoang, B. L. (2020). Translation profession status in Vietnam: Document and empirical analyses. Transletters: International Journal of Translation and Interpreting, (4), 99-123. https://www.uco.es/ucopress/ojs/index.php/tl/article/view/12613
House, J. (2018) Translation: The basics. Routledge.
Hurtado Albir, A. (2015). The acquisition of translation competence: Competences, tasks and assessment in translator training. Meta, 60(2), 256-280. https://doi.org/10.7202/1032857ar
Hurtado Albir, A. (2017). Translation and translation competence. In A. Hurtado Albir (Ed.), Researching translation competence by PACTE group. John Benjamins.
Hurtado Albir, A. (Ed.). (2017). Researching translation competence by PACTE group. John Benjamins.
Hurtado Albir, A., & Alves F. (2009). Translation as a cognitive activity. In J. Munday (Ed.), The Routledge companion to translation studies (pp. 54-73). Routledge.
Kelly, D. (2005). A handbook for translator trainers. St. Jerome.
Kiraly, D. (1995). Pathway to translation: Pedagogy and process. Kent State University Press.
Kiraly, D. (2000). A social construction approach to translator education. St. Jerome.
Kiraly, D. (2006). Beyond social constructivism: Complexity theory and translator education.
Translation and Interpreting Studies, 1(1), 68–86.
Lam, Q. D. (2007). Về tính chuyên nghiệp của dịch thuật. Ngôn ngữ và đời sống, 222(10), 25-28.
Le, H. T. (2017). Về cơ sở lý luận đào tạo biên phiên dịch ở Việt Nam (On a theoretical foundation for professional translator and interpreter training and education for Vietnam). VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 33(2), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4145
Le, H. T. (2020). Xu hướng phát triển và những thách thức của giáo dục biên phiên dịch và những gợi ý cho đào tạo và nghiên cứu dịch thuật ở Việt Nam (Trends, directions and challenges in translator & interpreter education – Implications for education & research in Vietnam). In VNU University of Languages and International Studies, National Foreign Languages Project & National Taiwan Normal University (Eds.), Kỷ yếu hội thảo quốc tế: Dịch thuật thời đại 4.0: Đào tạo, nghiên cứu và thực tiễn (International Conference Proceedings: Translation 4.0: Training, Research and Practice) (pp. 24-36). Vietnam National University Press, Hanoi.
Lesznyak, M. (2007). Conceptualizing translation competence. Across Languages and Cultures, 8(2), 167-194. https://doi.org/10.1556/Acr.8.2007.2.2
Lowe, P. (1987). Revising the ACTFL/ETS scales for a new purpose: Rating skill in translating. In M. G. Rose (Ed.), Translation excellence: Assessment, achievement, maintenance (pp. 53-61). Sunny Binghamton Press.
Ministry of Finance. (2020, October 19). Vietnam to become the fourth largest economy in Southeast Asia: IMF. https://mof.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/tttpen/pages_r/l/detail?dDocName=MOFUCM183833
National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters. (2015, September). Levels of accreditation. http://www.naati.com.au/at-accreditation-levels
Neubert, A. (1994). Competence in translation: A complex skill, how to study and how to teach it. In M. Snell-Hornby, F. Pochhacker & K. Kaindl (Eds.), Translation studies: An inter-discipline (pp. 411-420). John Benjamins.
Neubert, A. (2000). Competence in language, in languages, and in translation. In C. Schäffner & B. Adab (Eds.), Developing translation competence. John Benjamins.
Nghiem, T. T. H. (2020). Tình hình đào tạo dịch ở Việt Nam thời đại 4.0: Thực trạng và khuyến nghị. In VNU University of Languages and International Studies, National Foreign Languages Project & National Taiwan Normal University (Eds.), Kỷ yếu hội thảo quốc tế: Dịch thuật thời đại 4.0: Đào tạo, nghiên cứu và thực tiễn (International Conference Proceedings: Translation 4.0: Training, Research and Practice) (pp. 258-272). Vietnam National University Press, Hanoi.
Orlando, M. (2016). Training 21st century translators and interpreters: At the crossroads of practice, research and pedagogy. Frank & Timme.
Orozco, M. (2000). Building a measuring instrument for the acquisition of translation competence in trainee translators. In C. Schäffner & B. Adab (Eds.), Developing translation competence (pp. 1990-214). John Benjamins.
PACTE Group (2000). Acquiring translation competence: Hypotheses and methodological problems of a research project. In A. Beeby, D. Ensinger & M. Presas (Eds.), Investigating translation (pp. 99–106). John Benjamins.
PACTE Group (2003). Building a translation competence model. In F. Alves (Ed.), Triangulating translation: Perspectives in process oriented research (pp. 43-66). John Benjamins.
PACTE Group (2005). Investigating translation competence: Conceptual and methodological issues. Meta: Translators’ Journal, 50(2), 609-619. https://doi.org/10.7202/011004ar
PACTE Group (2018). Competence levels in translation: Working towards a European framework. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 12(2), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2018.1466093
PACTE Group (2020). Translation competence acquisition. Design and results of the PACTE group’s experimental research. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 14(2), 95-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2020.1732601
Piotroska, M. (2015). Revisiting translation competence in the 21st century. Studies in Language: Constructing Translation Competence, 39, 13-26.
Presas, M. (2000). Bilingual competence and translation competence. In C. Schäffner & B. Adab (Eds.), Developing translation competence (pp. 19-31). John Benjamins.
Pym, A. (1992). Translation error analysis and the interface with language teaching. In C. Dollerup & A. Loddegaard (Eds.), Teaching translation and interpreting: Training, talent and experience (pp. 279-290). John Benjamins.
Pym, A. (2003). Redefining translation competence in an electronic age: In defence of a minimalist approach. Meta, 48(4), 481-497.
Pym, A. (2005). Translator training and modern market demands. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 13(2), 132-142.
Pym, A. (2009). Training translators. In K. Malmkjaer & K. Windle (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of translation studies (pp. 475-489). Oxford University Press.
Pym, A. (2013). Translation skill-sets in a machine-translation age. Meta, 58(3), 487-503. https://doi.org/10.7202/1025047ar
Pym, A., & Torres-Simón, E. (2016). Designing a course in translation studies to respond to students’ questions. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 10(2), 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2016.1198179
Quinci, C. (2015). Defining and developing translation competence for didactic purposes: Some insights from product-oriented research. In Y. Cui & W. Zhao (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching methods in language translation and interpretation (pp. 179–198). Information Science Reference.
Risku, H., Angela, D., & Pircher, R. (2010). Knowledge in translation practice and translation studies: Intellectual capital in modern society. In D. Gile, G. Hansen & N. Pokorn (Eds.), Why translation studies matters (pp. 83-96). John Benjamins.
Sakwe, G. M. (2015). The standard profile of the 21st century translator and its impact on translator training. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, 3(3), 86-104. http://www.eltsjournal.org/archive/value3%20issue3/9-3-3-15.pdf
Sawyer, B., D. (2004). Fundamental aspects of interpreter education - Curriculum and assessment. John Benjamins.
Schaffner, C., & Adab, B. (2000). Developing translation competence. John Benjamins.
Setton, R., & Andrew, D. (2016). Conference interpreting: A trainer’s guide. John Benjamins.
Torres-Simón, E., & Pym, A. (2019). European masters in translation: A comparative study. In D. B. Sawyer, F. Austermühl & V. E. Raído (Eds.), The evolving curriculum in interpreter and translator education (American Translators Association scholarly monograph series XIX) (pp. 75-98). John Benjamins.
Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive translation studies and beyond. John Benjamins.
Way, C. (2008). Systematic assessment of translator competence: In search of Achilles’ heel. In J. Kearns (Ed.), Translator and interpreter training: Issues, methods and debates (pp. 88–103). Continuum.
Wu, D., Zhang, L. J., & Wei, L. (2019). Developing translator competence: Understanding trainers’ beliefs and training practice. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 13(3), 233-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2019.1656406
Beeby, A. (2000). Evaluating the development of translation competence. In C. Schäffner & B. Adab (Eds.), Developing translation competence (pp. 185-198). John Benjamins.
Bell, R. T. (1991). Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Longman.
Bernadini, S. (2004). The theory behind the practice: Translator training or translator education? In K. Malmkjer (Ed.), Translation in undergraduate degree programmes (pp. 17-29). Benjamins Translation Library.
Bowker, L., & Pearson, J. (2002). Working with specialized language: A guide to using corpora. Routledge.
Campbell, S. (1998). Translation into the second language. Longman.
Cao, D. (1996). Towards a model of translation proficiency. Target, 8(2), 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.8.2.07cao
Chesterman, A. (1997). Memes of translations. John Benjamins.
Colina S. (2003). Translation teaching: From research to the classroom: A handbook for teachers. McGraw-Hill.
Do, T. T. Q. (2015). Towards translator competence in educating professional translators: The case of university translation program in Vietnam. In H. Haroon, H. C. Omar, G. S. Seong & N. Ardi (Eds.), 15th international conference proceedings on translation - synergising the translation community: Academia, industry and professional practice (pp. 489-499). Malaysian Translators Association, Institute of Language and Literature, Malaysian Institute of Translation & Books Perbadanan Kota Buku.
Do, T. T. Q. (2016). Employability for graduate translation students: Towards possible translator training approach. In N. T. N. Nguyen & T. T. K. Nguyen (Eds.), Proceedings of national conference in training translation and interpreting at university level (pp. 319-331). VNUHCM Publishing House.
Do, T. T. Q. (2018). A multi-perspective approach to translation practice and translation pedagogy: Professional translators, trainers and students – data from language services sectors and university translator training programs in Australia and Vietnam [Doctoral dissertation, Monash University]. https://doi.org/10.26180/5c522cb6837e2
Do, T. T. Q. (2019). Pedagogical and professional perspectives on developing graduate’s employability: The case of university translation programs in Vietnam. In R. Chowdhury (Ed.), Transformation and empowerment through education: Reconstructing our relationship with education (pp. 95-115). Routledge.
Ehrensberger-Dow, M., & Massey G. (2008). Exploring translation competence by
triangulating empirical data. Norwich Papers: Studies in Translation, 16, 1–20. https://www.academia.edu/26640425/Exploring_translation_competence_by_triangulating_empirical_data
EMT Expert Group (2017). The EMT translator trainer profile: Competences of the trainer in translation. https://fr.scribd.com/document/246979198/Translator-Trainer-Profile-EMT
Eser, O. (2015). A model of translator’s competence from an educational perspective. International Journal of Comparative Literature & Translation Studies, 3(1), 4-15. http://www.journals.aiac.org.au/index.php/IJCLTS/article/view/1279
García González, M., & Veiga Díaz, M. T. (2015). Guided inquiry and project-based learning in
the field of specialised translation: A description of two learning experiences. Perspectives:
Studies in Translatology, 23(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2014.948018
Gonzalez, J. & Wagenaar, R. G. (Eds). (2005). Tuning educational structures in Europe: Final report - Phase one. Universidad de Deusto.
Gouadec, D. (2007). Translation as a profession. John Benjamins.
Hansen, G. (1997). Success in translation. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 5(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.1997.9961310
Harris, B. (1980). How a three-year-old translates. In E. A. Afrendas (Ed.), Patterns of bilingualism (pp. 370-393). National University of Singapore Press.
Hatim, B., & Mason, I. (1997). The translator as communicator. Routledge.
Hoang, B. L. (2020). Translation profession status in Vietnam: Document and empirical analyses. Transletters: International Journal of Translation and Interpreting, (4), 99-123. https://www.uco.es/ucopress/ojs/index.php/tl/article/view/12613
House, J. (2018) Translation: The basics. Routledge.
Hurtado Albir, A. (2015). The acquisition of translation competence: Competences, tasks and assessment in translator training. Meta, 60(2), 256-280. https://doi.org/10.7202/1032857ar
Hurtado Albir, A. (2017). Translation and translation competence. In A. Hurtado Albir (Ed.), Researching translation competence by PACTE group. John Benjamins.
Hurtado Albir, A. (Ed.). (2017). Researching translation competence by PACTE group. John Benjamins.
Hurtado Albir, A., & Alves F. (2009). Translation as a cognitive activity. In J. Munday (Ed.), The Routledge companion to translation studies (pp. 54-73). Routledge.
Kelly, D. (2005). A handbook for translator trainers. St. Jerome.
Kiraly, D. (1995). Pathway to translation: Pedagogy and process. Kent State University Press.
Kiraly, D. (2000). A social construction approach to translator education. St. Jerome.
Kiraly, D. (2006). Beyond social constructivism: Complexity theory and translator education.
Translation and Interpreting Studies, 1(1), 68–86.
Lam, Q. D. (2007). Về tính chuyên nghiệp của dịch thuật. Ngôn ngữ và đời sống, 222(10), 25-28.
Le, H. T. (2017). Về cơ sở lý luận đào tạo biên phiên dịch ở Việt Nam (On a theoretical foundation for professional translator and interpreter training and education for Vietnam). VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 33(2), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4145
Le, H. T. (2020). Xu hướng phát triển và những thách thức của giáo dục biên phiên dịch và những gợi ý cho đào tạo và nghiên cứu dịch thuật ở Việt Nam (Trends, directions and challenges in translator & interpreter education – Implications for education & research in Vietnam). In VNU University of Languages and International Studies, National Foreign Languages Project & National Taiwan Normal University (Eds.), Kỷ yếu hội thảo quốc tế: Dịch thuật thời đại 4.0: Đào tạo, nghiên cứu và thực tiễn (International Conference Proceedings: Translation 4.0: Training, Research and Practice) (pp. 24-36). Vietnam National University Press, Hanoi.
Lesznyak, M. (2007). Conceptualizing translation competence. Across Languages and Cultures, 8(2), 167-194. https://doi.org/10.1556/Acr.8.2007.2.2
Lowe, P. (1987). Revising the ACTFL/ETS scales for a new purpose: Rating skill in translating. In M. G. Rose (Ed.), Translation excellence: Assessment, achievement, maintenance (pp. 53-61). Sunny Binghamton Press.
Ministry of Finance. (2020, October 19). Vietnam to become the fourth largest economy in Southeast Asia: IMF. https://mof.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/tttpen/pages_r/l/detail?dDocName=MOFUCM183833
National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters. (2015, September). Levels of accreditation. http://www.naati.com.au/at-accreditation-levels
Neubert, A. (1994). Competence in translation: A complex skill, how to study and how to teach it. In M. Snell-Hornby, F. Pochhacker & K. Kaindl (Eds.), Translation studies: An inter-discipline (pp. 411-420). John Benjamins.
Neubert, A. (2000). Competence in language, in languages, and in translation. In C. Schäffner & B. Adab (Eds.), Developing translation competence. John Benjamins.
Nghiem, T. T. H. (2020). Tình hình đào tạo dịch ở Việt Nam thời đại 4.0: Thực trạng và khuyến nghị. In VNU University of Languages and International Studies, National Foreign Languages Project & National Taiwan Normal University (Eds.), Kỷ yếu hội thảo quốc tế: Dịch thuật thời đại 4.0: Đào tạo, nghiên cứu và thực tiễn (International Conference Proceedings: Translation 4.0: Training, Research and Practice) (pp. 258-272). Vietnam National University Press, Hanoi.
Orlando, M. (2016). Training 21st century translators and interpreters: At the crossroads of practice, research and pedagogy. Frank & Timme.
Orozco, M. (2000). Building a measuring instrument for the acquisition of translation competence in trainee translators. In C. Schäffner & B. Adab (Eds.), Developing translation competence (pp. 1990-214). John Benjamins.
PACTE Group (2000). Acquiring translation competence: Hypotheses and methodological problems of a research project. In A. Beeby, D. Ensinger & M. Presas (Eds.), Investigating translation (pp. 99–106). John Benjamins.
PACTE Group (2003). Building a translation competence model. In F. Alves (Ed.), Triangulating translation: Perspectives in process oriented research (pp. 43-66). John Benjamins.
PACTE Group (2005). Investigating translation competence: Conceptual and methodological issues. Meta: Translators’ Journal, 50(2), 609-619. https://doi.org/10.7202/011004ar
PACTE Group (2018). Competence levels in translation: Working towards a European framework. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 12(2), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2018.1466093
PACTE Group (2020). Translation competence acquisition. Design and results of the PACTE group’s experimental research. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 14(2), 95-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2020.1732601
Piotroska, M. (2015). Revisiting translation competence in the 21st century. Studies in Language: Constructing Translation Competence, 39, 13-26.
Presas, M. (2000). Bilingual competence and translation competence. In C. Schäffner & B. Adab (Eds.), Developing translation competence (pp. 19-31). John Benjamins.
Pym, A. (1992). Translation error analysis and the interface with language teaching. In C. Dollerup & A. Loddegaard (Eds.), Teaching translation and interpreting: Training, talent and experience (pp. 279-290). John Benjamins.
Pym, A. (2003). Redefining translation competence in an electronic age: In defence of a minimalist approach. Meta, 48(4), 481-497.
Pym, A. (2005). Translator training and modern market demands. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 13(2), 132-142.
Pym, A. (2009). Training translators. In K. Malmkjaer & K. Windle (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of translation studies (pp. 475-489). Oxford University Press.
Pym, A. (2013). Translation skill-sets in a machine-translation age. Meta, 58(3), 487-503. https://doi.org/10.7202/1025047ar
Pym, A., & Torres-Simón, E. (2016). Designing a course in translation studies to respond to students’ questions. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 10(2), 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2016.1198179
Quinci, C. (2015). Defining and developing translation competence for didactic purposes: Some insights from product-oriented research. In Y. Cui & W. Zhao (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching methods in language translation and interpretation (pp. 179–198). Information Science Reference.
Risku, H., Angela, D., & Pircher, R. (2010). Knowledge in translation practice and translation studies: Intellectual capital in modern society. In D. Gile, G. Hansen & N. Pokorn (Eds.), Why translation studies matters (pp. 83-96). John Benjamins.
Sakwe, G. M. (2015). The standard profile of the 21st century translator and its impact on translator training. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, 3(3), 86-104. http://www.eltsjournal.org/archive/value3%20issue3/9-3-3-15.pdf
Sawyer, B., D. (2004). Fundamental aspects of interpreter education - Curriculum and assessment. John Benjamins.
Schaffner, C., & Adab, B. (2000). Developing translation competence. John Benjamins.
Setton, R., & Andrew, D. (2016). Conference interpreting: A trainer’s guide. John Benjamins.
Torres-Simón, E., & Pym, A. (2019). European masters in translation: A comparative study. In D. B. Sawyer, F. Austermühl & V. E. Raído (Eds.), The evolving curriculum in interpreter and translator education (American Translators Association scholarly monograph series XIX) (pp. 75-98). John Benjamins.
Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive translation studies and beyond. John Benjamins.
Way, C. (2008). Systematic assessment of translator competence: In search of Achilles’ heel. In J. Kearns (Ed.), Translator and interpreter training: Issues, methods and debates (pp. 88–103). Continuum.
Wu, D., Zhang, L. J., & Wei, L. (2019). Developing translator competence: Understanding trainers’ beliefs and training practice. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 13(3), 233-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2019.1656406